Observations from lidars and satellites have shown that large temperature increases and decreases occur in the middle and low latitudes of the mesosphere and lower thermosphere (MLT) region during geomagnetic storms.
Observations from lidars and satellites have shown that large temperature increases and decreases occur in the middle and low latitudes of the mesosphere and lower thermosphere (MLT) region during geomagnetic storms.
Periodic oscillations associated with Alfven waves with periods ranging from several tens of minutes to several hours are commonly seen in the solar wind.
The Sun occasionally goes through Maunder-like extended grand minima when its magnetic activity drops considerably from the normal activity level for several decades. Many possible theories have been proposed to explain the origin of these minima.
Some recent studies have revealed that the post-storm thermospheric mass density sometime drops below its pre-storm value. This phenomenon has been attributed to the over-cooling effect caused by enhanced infrared emissions from nitric oxide.
Medium-scale ionospheric ionization structures are a persistent global feature of the earth’s ionosphere.