Patel et al. observe that when an interplanetary shock launched from the Sun arrives at Earth, it compresses the dayside magnetic field and an impulse in electric and magnetic field propagates as a characteristic wave mode inside the magnetosphere toward the nightside.
There are still uncertainties regarding the formation mechanisms for storm-enhanced density (SED) in the high and subauroral latitude ionosphere.
Gibson et al. have analyzed a long-lived cavity observed from 17 March 2012 to 21 March 2012. For this cavity we applied a differential emission measure method to obtain both a temperature distribution and a value of the average temperature during all five observational days.
Subauroral polarization stream (SAPS) are latitudinally narrow flow channels of large westward plasma drifts in the subauroral ionosphere.
A puzzling feature of the Earth’s equatorial upper atmosphere is the occurrence of enhanced VHF radar echoes near 150-km altitude. These so-called 150-km echoes have been observed for over 50-years, and occur nearly every day, making them a persistent feature of the equatorial ionosphere.
