In order to calculate the Earth’s whole atmosphere and ionosphere coupled system in a self-consistent way, new ionosphere and electrodynamo modules have been implemented in the thermosphere and ionosphere eXtension of WACCM-X. WACCX-X stands for the Whole Atmosphere Community Climate Model.

Most of the large events affecting the thermosphere and ionosphere part of the space environment come from the Sun, the solar wind, and Earth’s magnetosphere.

The NCAR Whole Atmosphere Community Climate Model–eXtended (WACCM-X) was used to study global temperature change throughout the atmosphere during the last several decades.

This book chapter describes the basic physical processes in the thermosphere, or Earth's neutral upper atmosphere, which need to be captured in a physics-based model. Liu, H., 2014: WACCM-X simulation of tidal and planetary wave variability in the upper atmosphere.

To investigate the Gravity Wave (GW) in the mid-latitude mesopause region during boreal equinox, 433 hours of continuous full diurnal cycle temperature measurements in September between 2011 and 2015.

Geomagnetic field-aligned currents from the Active Magnetosphere and Planetary Electrodynamics Response Experiment (AMPERE) satellite mission are used to drive the Thermosphere-Ionosphere-Electrodynamics General Circulation Model (TIEGCM).

The possible effects of geomagnetic-field changes over periods of millennia on solar wind/magnetosphere/ionosphere/thermosphere coupling was examined, by altering the strength of the geomagnetic dipole in the Coupled Magnetosphere-Ionosphere-Thermosphere (CMIT) model.