Despite the increasing resolution, forcing on the mean circulation by resolved waves in general circulation models is not yet converging. Parameterization of the forcing remains a major source of model uncertainty.

Daytime thermospheric winds observed by the balloon-borne instrument HIWIND (High altitude Interferometer WIND experiment) during two flights in June 2011 and 2018 from Kiruna (68°N, 20°E), along with simultaneous EISCAT (European Incoherent SCATter radar) ion drift data, are analyzed.

Large‐scale meteorological disturbances like sudden stratospheric warmings (SSWs) are often of interest for the investigation of a variety of mechanisms and processes that link different regions of the Earth's atmosphere across a wide range of altitudes and latitudes.

"Space Weather" is the term used to describe the relentless barrage of particles that bathe the Earth and other planetary bodies of the solar system that originate in the steady evolution, and catastrophic breakdown, of magnetic structures on the Sun.