The flow of ionospheric current can be probed by examining magnetic field measurements at the ground and at Low-Earth-Orbit (LEO) altitude.

The low latitude ionosphere is one of the dynamic regions of the Earth’s upper atmosphere. The morphology of this region is controlled by radiative and coupled chemical, neutral and plasma transport processes.

The National Center for Atmospheric Research thermosphere-ionosphere-electrodynamics general circulation model (TIE-GCM) is used to conduct numerical experiments that isolate and elucidate a substantial modication of the quasi-6-day wave (Q6DW) above 110 km due to presence of the planetary wave (

Summary or Abstract: The strength and structure of the Earth's magnetic field is gradually changing. These changes do not only affect the difference between the geographic and magnetic pole, which we have to consider when we hike in higher latitude regions.

We use the CESM2-WACCM, to study the importance of ozone in the vertical coupling between lower and upper atmosphere during SSWs.

Nitric oxide (NO) has long been recognized as one of the most important trace constituents in the middle and upper atmosphere.

New mechanisms for imposing planetary-wave (PW) variability on the ionosphere thermosphere system are discovered in numerical experiments conducted with the National Center for Atmospheric Research (NCAR) Thermosphere-Ionosphere- Electrodynamics General circulation Model (TIE-GCM).

H.Liu et al. have improved a comprehensive numerical model, the Whole Atmosphere Community Climate Model with thermosphere and ionosphere extension (WACCM-X).

Astrid Maute states that accurate magnetic field measurements at ground and Low-Earth Orbit (LEO) are crucial to describe Earth's magnetic field. LEO data is also used to study the ionosphere.