H.Liu et al. have improved a comprehensive numerical model, the Whole Atmosphere Community Climate Model with thermosphere and ionosphere extension (WACCM-X).

Stan Solomon and others have performed the first whole-atmosphere simulations of global change that include the lower atmosphere (0-15 km), middle atmosphere (15-90 km), thermosphere-ionosphere (90-500 km), and all relevant physics and chemistry.

Liying Qian et al investigate atomic hydrogen (H) variability from the mesopause to the upper thermosphere, on time scales of solar cycle, seasonal, and diurnal.