Despite the increasing resolution, forcing on the mean circulation by resolved waves in general circulation models is not yet converging. Parameterization of the forcing remains a major source of model uncertainty.

Whole Atmosphere Community Climate Model (WACCM) simulations are used to investigate the short-term (30-day) temporal variability in the mid- and high-latitude Southern Hemisphere mesosphere.

H.Liu et al. have improved a comprehensive numerical model, the Whole Atmosphere Community Climate Model with thermosphere and ionosphere extension (WACCM-X).

The Whole Atmosphere Community Climate Model with thermosphere and ionosphere extension (WACCM-X) is a numerical model of the

Stan Solomon and others have performed the first whole-atmosphere simulations of global change that include the lower atmosphere (0-15 km), middle atmosphere (15-90 km), thermosphere-ionosphere (90-500 km), and all relevant physics and chemistry.

Liying Qian et al investigate atomic hydrogen (H) variability from the mesopause to the upper thermosphere, on time scales of solar cycle, seasonal, and diurnal.

Most of the large events affecting the thermosphere and ionosphere part of the space environment come from the Sun, the solar wind, and Earth’s magnetosphere, but even in “quiet time” periods lacking those sources of variability, conditions in the thermosphere and ionosphere continue to fluctuate

High resolution Whole Atmosphere Community Climate Model (WACCM) simulations are used to study how gravity waves vary during a stratospheric sudden warming (SSW) event from the source region to the lower thermosphere.