In order to calculate the Earth’s whole atmosphere and ionosphere coupled system in a self-consistent way, new ionosphere and electrodynamo modules have been implemented in the thermosphere and ionosphere eXtension of WACCM-X. WACCX-X stands for the Whole Atmosphere Community Climate Model.

There are still uncertainties regarding the formation mechanisms for storm-enhanced density (SED) in the high and subauroral latitude ionosphere.