The motions of small-scale magnetic flux elements in the solar photosphere can provide some measure of the Lagrangian properties of the convective flow.

There have been a number of reports in the literature of counter-Evershed flows in well developed sunspot penumbrae, i.e. flows directed towards the umbra.

Magnetic field amplification in exploding granules and the role of deep and shallow recirculation

We aim to investigate the nature and occurrence characteristics of grand solar minimum and maximum periods, which are observed in the solar proxy records such as 10Be and 14C, using a fully non-linear Babcock-Leighton type flux transport dynamo including momentum and entropy equations.

A paper was published today in Science by a team from the National Center for Atmospheric Research (NCAR), Chiba University in Japan, and the University of Tokyo. It is titled "Large-scale magnetic fields at high Reynolds numbers in magnetohydrodynamic simulations."