A puzzling feature of the Earth’s equatorial upper atmosphere is the occurrence of enhanced VHF radar echoes near 150-km altitude. These so-called 150-km echoes have been observed for over 50-years, and occur nearly every day, making them a persistent feature of the equatorial ionosphere.

Earthquake and tsunami are known to be the source of atmospheric gravity waves that can generate plasma ripples in the space. On March 11, 2011, a magnitude 9.0 earthquake occurred near the east coast of Honshu, Japan, unleashing a savage tsunami to strike offshore of Japan.

The ability to predict conditions in Earth’s ionosphere and thermosphere is of increasing societal relevance due to the growing dependence on, for example, satellite based communications and navigation (e.g., GPS) systems.

Large‐scale meteorological disturbances like sudden stratospheric warmings (SSWs) are often of interest for the investigation of a variety of mechanisms and processes that link different regions of the Earth's atmosphere across a wide range of altitudes and latitudes.

Medium-scale ionospheric ionization structures are a persistent global feature of the earth’s ionosphere.

This study, by Pedatella and others, employs a troposphere to lower thermosphere reanalysis dataset generated by the Whole Atmosphere Community Climate Model with data assimilation provided by the Data Assimilation Research Testbed (WACCM+DART).

Nicholas Pedatella notes that geomagnetic storms are an important driver of variability in Earth’s ionosphere, and can have significant societal impacts through the ionosphere’s impact on communications and navigation systems (e.g., GPS).

Whole Atmosphere Community Climate Model (WACCM) simulations are used to investigate the short-term (30-day) temporal variability in the mid- and high-latitude Southern Hemisphere mesosphere.

H.Liu et al. have improved a comprehensive numerical model, the Whole Atmosphere Community Climate Model with thermosphere and ionosphere extension (WACCM-X).