Subauroral polarization stream (SAPS) are latitudinally narrow flow channels of large westward plasma drifts in the subauroral ionosphere.

In this paper we discuss, in a limited way, some of the challenges to advancing our understanding and description of the coupled plasma and neutral gas that make up the ionosphere and thermosphere (I-T).

Earthquake and tsunami are known to be the source of atmospheric gravity waves that can generate plasma ripples in the space. On March 11, 2011, a magnitude 9.0 earthquake occurred near the east coast of Honshu, Japan, unleashing a savage tsunami to strike offshore of Japan.

Large‐scale meteorological disturbances like sudden stratospheric warmings (SSWs) are often of interest for the investigation of a variety of mechanisms and processes that link different regions of the Earth's atmosphere across a wide range of altitudes and latitudes.

Explains Wenbin Wang and others, previous studies have been devoted to examining the ionosphere and thermosphere response during the solar eclipse, but the post-eclipse response of the global ionosphere and thermosphere has not previously been well quantified.

It is commonly believed that solar eclipses have a great impact on the ionosphere-thermosphere (I-T) system within the eclipse shadow, but little attention has been paid to the global responses to them.