We aim to investigate the nature and occurrence characteristics of grand solar minimum and maximum periods, which are observed in the solar proxy records such as 10Be and 14C, using a fully non-linear Babcock-Leighton type flux transport dynamo including momentum and entropy equations.

Formation of Sunspots and Active regions, and Origin of Their Asymmetries—We present a realistic numerical model of sunspot and active region formation based on the emergence of flux bundles generated in a solar convective dynamo.

The variation of the vector magnetic field along structures in the solar corona remains unmeasured. 

Observational solar physics is entering a new era with the advent of new 1.5 m class telescopes with adaptive optics, as well as the Daniel K. Inouye 4 m telescope which will become operational in 2019. Major outstanding problems in solar physics all relate to the solar magnetic field.

We consider the observational basis for the belief that flare ribbons in the chromosphere result from energy transport from the overlying corona. We study ribbons of modest flares using magnetic as well as intensity data from the Hinode, SDO and IRIS missions.

We study UV spectra obtained with the SO82-B slit spectrograph on board SKYLAB to estimate the fine structure splitting of the Cl-like 3p43d4D5/2 and 3p43d4D7/2 levels of Fe X.

We investigate atomic transitions that have previously been identified as having zero polarization from the Zeeman effect. Our goal is to identify spectral lines that can be used for the calibration of instrumental polarization of large astronomical and solar telescopes, such as the Daniel K.

In 1964 (Solar Cycle 20; SC 20), Patrick McIntosh began creating hand-drawn synoptic maps of solar magnetic features, based on H-alpha images.

We implement an Ensemble Kalman Filter procedure using the Data Assimilation Research Testbed for assimilating "synthetic" meridional flow-speed data in a Babcock–Leighton-type flux-transport solar dynamo model.