The NASA Global-scale Observations of the Limb and Disk (GOLD) instrument is an ultraviolet imager and spectrograph that observes light from the upper-atmosphere of the Earth, in order to infer quantities such as the composition and temperature of the thermosphere.

There are still uncertainties regarding the formation mechanisms for storm-enhanced density (SED) in the high and subauroral latitude ionosphere.

The NASA Global-scale Observations of the Limb and Disk (GOLD) ultraviolet spectrograph began imaging the Equatorial Ionization Anomaly (EIA), regions of the ionosphere with enhanced electron density north and south of the magnetic equator, in October 2018.

The ability to predict conditions in Earth’s ionosphere and thermosphere is of increasing societal relevance due to the growing dependence on, for example, satellite based communications and navigation (e.g., GPS) systems.

Despite the increasing resolution, forcing on the mean circulation by resolved waves in general circulation models is not yet converging. Parameterization of the forcing remains a major source of model uncertainty.

We present magnetohydrodynamic simulation of the evolution from quasi-equilibrium to onset of eruption of a twisted, prominence-forming coronal magnetic flux rope underlying a corona streamer. The flux rope is built up by an imposed flux emergence at the lower boundary.

Solomon and colleagues conducted global simulations of temperature change due to emissions of trace gases due to human activity, that extended from the surface, throughout the atmosphere, to space.