Language Summary or Abstract: We present a fast multi-level and multi-atom non-LTE radiative transfer method for dynamically evolving stratified atmospheres, such as the solar atmosphere. The preconditioning method of Rybicki & Hummer (RH92) is adopted.

Formation of Sunspots and Active regions, and Origin of Their Asymmetries—We present a realistic numerical model of sunspot and active region formation based on the emergence of flux bundles generated in a solar convective dynamo.

The NASA Global-scale Observations of the Limb and Disk (GOLD) mission is a dual-channel imaging spectrograph that will be carried on a commercial communications satellite in geostationary orbit. Launch is scheduled for January, 2018.

Thermospheric temperature and density recovery during the 5 April 2010 geomagnetic storm has been investigated in this study.

Plain Language Summary or Abstract: Gravity wave forcing near the mesopause drives a summer-to-winter residual circulation in the mesosphere and a reversed, lower thermospheric winter-to-summer residual circulation.

In order to calculate the Earth’s whole atmosphere and ionosphere coupled system in a self-consistent way, new ionosphere and electrodynamo modules have been implemented in the thermosphere and ionosphere eXtension of WACCM-X. WACCX-X stands for the Whole Atmosphere Community Climate Model.

Most of the large events affecting the thermosphere and ionosphere part of the space environment come from the Sun, the solar wind, and Earth’s magnetosphere.

The NCAR Whole Atmosphere Community Climate Model–eXtended (WACCM-X) was used to study global temperature change throughout the atmosphere during the last several decades.

This book chapter describes the basic physical processes in the thermosphere, or Earth's neutral upper atmosphere, which need to be captured in a physics-based model. Liu, H., 2014: WACCM-X simulation of tidal and planetary wave variability in the upper atmosphere.