Digital image sensors are ubiquitous in astronomical instrumentation and it is well known that they suffer from issues that must be corrected for data to be scientifically useful.

Peterson et al. (2015) developed an algorithm for estimating the electric field vector at any point above an electrified cloud from passive microwave observations. 

Observations from lidars and satellites have shown that large temperature increases and decreases occur in the middle and low latitudes of the mesosphere and lower thermosphere (MLT) region during geomagnetic storms.

Medium-scale ionospheric ionization structures are a persistent global feature of the earth’s ionosphere.

The McIntosh Archive consists of a set of hand-drawn solar Carrington maps created by Patrick McIntosh from 1964 to 2009. McIntosh used mainly H, He-I 10830Å and photospheric magnetic measurements from both ground-based and NASA satellite observations.

The high-resolution thermosphere-ionosphere-electrodynamics general circulation model (TIEGCM) was used to investigate the cause of F2-region electron density (Ne) responses to the Great American Solar Eclipse on 21 August 2017 at Millstone Hill (42.610N, 71.480W).