We explore the fundamental physics of narrow toroidal rings during their nonlinear magnetohydrodynamic evolution at tachocline depths. Using a shallow-water model, we simulate the nonlinear evolution of spot-producing toroidal rings of 6-degree latitudinal width and peak field of 15 kG.

Venus’ atmosphere has a cloud layer (~40 km - ~70 km) that encompasses the whole planet that separates the lower atmosphere and upper atmosphere.

Evidence of the existence of hydrodynamic and MHD Rossby waves in the Sun is accumulating rapidly.