Stratosphere sudden warmings (SSWs) are strong disturbances in the high latitude, wintertime, stratospheric polar vortex.

Solar flares—a sudden eruption of electromagnetic radiation at the Sun—are known to have significant impacts on Earth’s upper atmosphere and ionosphere, but their collective effects on geospace as an integrated system have never been examined.

Coronal Holes present the source of the fast solar wind. However, the fast solar wind is not unimodal—there are discrete, but subtle, compositional, velocity, and density structures that differentiate different coronal holes as well as wind streams that originate within one coronal hole.

We derive an explicit expression for the coronal wind mass-loss rate. This result is based on a currently used generalized torque formula (per unit rotational velocity) expressed as a product of known monomials, separately for the magnetic field and the mass-loss rate.

Using Fabry-Perot interferometers (FPI) at five mid-latitude stations (Boulder, Palmer, Millstone Hill, Mt. John, and Kelan) in both hemispheres, we examine the inter-hemispheric and seasonal variations of mid-latitude thermospheric dynamics.

Periodic oscillations associated with Alfven waves with periods ranging from several tens of minutes to several hours are commonly seen in the solar wind.

In this work, Kedeng Zhang, Wenbin Wang and others, investigate the longitudinal patterns of thermospheric zonal winds (~400 km) and their seasonal and solar activity dependence.