This work reveals the pathway through which the lower atmosphere impacts the ionosphere weather at mid and low latitudes.

Storm-induced ionospheric density variations are a major concern of near-Earth space environment as they could drastically disrupt satellite navigation and telecommunication systems.

There are still uncertainties regarding the formation mechanisms for storm-enhanced density (SED) in the high and subauroral latitude ionosphere.

"Space Weather" is the term used to describe the relentless barrage of particles that bathe the Earth and other planetary bodies of the solar system that originate in the steady evolution, and catastrophic breakdown, of magnetic structures on the Sun.

Recently, the radiative magnetohydrodynamic (R-MHD) code MURaM was extended to include the corona. The code was used to simulate a bipolar active region with additional parasitic flux emergence near one of the sunspots that produced a flare.

In a recent work, we found that, in the mesosphere and lower thermosphere (MLT) region at middle latitudes, adiabatic heating/cooling and vertical heat advection, both associated with vertical wind changes, are the dominant processes that determine the temperature responses to storms.