Observing and Modeling the Sun-Earth System

N. M. Pedatella, H. Liu, H.-L. Liu, A. Herrington, and J. McInerney focus on understanding how changes in the background state of the upper atmosphere due to increases in CO2 alter the response of the ionosphere and thermosphere to geomagnetic storms finding that increasing levels of CO2 generally result in a weaker response of the ionosphere and thermosphere to geomagnetic storms in absolute terms, while their relative responses enhance at higher CO2 levels.

Dai Koshin, Nick Pedatella, and Anne Smith describe the coupling between the winter stratosphere in the Southern Hemisphere and the northern upper mesosphere as seen in a long-term whole atmosphere model simulation revealing interannual variation is associated with the phase of the intraseasonal oscillation in the equatorial mesosphere and lower thermosphere.

Mausumi Dikpati, Marianna B. Korsos, Aimee A. Norton, Breno Raphaldini, Kiran Jain, Scott W. McIntosh, Peter A. Gilman, Andre S. W. Teruya and Nour E. Raouafi analyzed active region (AR) 13664 during a superactive emergence event. They conclude that this superstorm was caused by enhanced magnetic complexity occurring due to intricate interactions among multiple active regions emerging at nearly the same locations.