Johannes Hevelius (1611–1687)

Johannes Hevelius was born on January 28,1611 in Gdansk, Poland [later known as Danzig, then Gdansk again]. He studied Law at Leiden in 1630, then traveled to Switzerland, London, and Paris, where he came in contact with various astronomers, including Pierre Gassendi (1592–1655). In 1634 he returned to Gdansk to complete his Law studies while working in his family's brewing business. He started to fully devote himself to astronomy in 1639, tapping into his family wealth to construct a private observatory in his house. His work was also sponsored by the Polish King Jan III Sobieski through a generous pension.

Hevelius was said to have exceptionally keen eyesight, to the point of being able to see stars of the seventh magnitude. Following the lead of Tycho Brahe, Hevelius constructed very large measuring instruments, and managed to improve the accuracy of measured naked-eye stellar positions, exceeding even Tycho's measurements. With the assistance of his second wife Elisabetha, he compiled a star catalog of unprecedented accuracy, "Celestial Atlas," but a lot of his data were lost when his house and observatory were destroyed by fire on September 26, 1679.

In the early 1670s Hevelius was drawn into what became a heated controversy with John Flamsteed (1646–1719) and later Robert Hooke (1635–1703), who advocated the use of telescope and micrometers for accurate determinations of stellar positions. The debate came to a draw in 1679, when young Edmund Halley (1656–1742), commissioned by the Royal Society, visited Hevelius in Gdansk. Halley could but confirmed to the Royal Society that Hevelius' position determination were as accurate as anything he could achieve with the state-of-the-art micrometric telescope he had taken along from England.

An accomplished and respected astronomer, Hevelius was elected to the Royal Society in 1664. He carried out numerous lunar, planetary and solar observations, and on November 22, 1644 he succeeded in observing the phases of Mercury. His solar observations were published as appendices to his 1647 "Selenographia", his 1668 "Cometographia", as well as to his 1679 "Machinae Coelistis." Hevelius used his sunspots observations to determine the solar rotation period to a much better accuracy than his predecessors. He also coined the name "faculae" for the bright regions surrounding sunspots, a name that survives to this day. His sunspot observations, covering the time period 1642–1679, are of particular importance as they span the first part of the "Maunder Minimum" of solar activity, as well as the time period immediately preceding it.

He died in Gdansk on January 28 1687, the day of his 76th birthday. His Celestial Atlas, the labor of his life, was finally edited and published posthumously by Elisabetha in 1690. 

Bibliography

Hevelius, J. 1647, Selenographia: sive, Lunae Descriptio [Facsimile, JohnsonReprint Corporation, New York, 1967].

Szanser, A.J. 1976, Quarterly J. of the Royal Astronomical Society,17, 488–498.