The low-latitude ionosphere is a highly dynamic region characterized by distinct morphological features, most notably the Equatorial Ionization Anomaly (EIA) and the frequent occurrence of Equatorial Plasma Bubbles (EPBs). Understanding the generation, evolution, and severe storm-time behavior of these structures is critical for advancing space weather forecasting and mitigating ionospheric scintillation effects on global navigation and communication systems. This work synthesizes recent advancements in characterizing low-latitude ionospheric electrodynamics through a combination of extensive multi-instrument observations and high-resolution numerical modeling.

First, observational data—including global Total Electron Content (TEC) maps and space-based ultraviolet imaging—are integrated to investigate the climatology of the EIA. The results highlight the complex interplay of the solar radiation, the thermosphere, and the ionosphere. Then, by leveraging the Global Ionosphere Thermosphere Model coupled with theSAMI3 model, our research isolates the driving mechanisms behind the development of super plasma bubbles and super fountain effects during major geomagnetic storms. Finally, machine-learning techniques was utilized to offer a more robust predictive capability for the coupled ionosphere-thermosphere system under disturbed conditions.