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Observing and Modeling the Sun-Earth System

What We Do

Latest News

CMEx explorer mission

NASA selects NSF NCAR Heliophysics Mission for Continued Development

Dec 12, 2025

NASA has selected the Chromospheric Magnetism Explorer (CMEx) for an extended period of concept development. The $150 million mission would fill a critical solar observational gap, generating information on conditions that lead to solar eruptions, advancing our knowledge of the solar magnetic field, and improving space weather modeling capabilities. It would also be the first Explorer-sized spacecraft mission ever led by NSF NCAR.

sunspot image

New AI Based Methods for 3D Reconstruction of the Solar Photosphere

Dec 11, 2025

In a collaborative effort researchers at the University of Hawaii Institute for Astronomy (IfA), the NSF funded National Solar Observatory and NSF NCAR’s High Altitude Observatory developed a new artificial intelligence based method to reconstruct the magnetic field in the solar atmosphere.

Sunspot Image by KIS

International & European news agencies feature Sunspot research

Aug 13, 2025

The journal Astronomy & Astrophysics recently published a study on the development of a new method for analyzing the stability of sunspots. As part of this study, an international team—led by scientists from Germany in collaboration with colleagues from Sweden, the U.S. and Spain—applied this new method to observations with the German GREGOR solar telescope.

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Latest Research Highlights

Histogram: dayside Swarm neutral density

Quantifying the Impact of Solar Irradiance Uncertainty on Thermosphere-Ionosphere Variability Using Ensemble Forecasts

Dec 30, 2025

Using data from the SDO and SORCE missions collected between 2010 and 2018, Chih-Ting Hsu and Nicholas Pedatella investigate the sensitivity of the thermosphere and ionosphere to variations in solar spectral irradiance. 

Time-latitude sections for small scale waves

Contribution of Gravity Waves to the Lower Thermospheric Winter-to-summer Meridional Circulation in High-resolution WACCM-X

Dec 30, 2025

D. Koshin, N. M. Pedatella, A. K. Smith, and H.-L. Liu analyze the role of gravity waves contributing to winter polar region circulation using output from a high-resolution simulation. In the winter middle atmosphere, gravity waves with eastward phase speeds are generated around the polar vortex and propagate into the lower thermosphere. 

Machine Learning Flowchart

Spectropolarimetric Inversion in Four Dimensions with Deep Learning (SPIn4D): II. A Physics-Informed Machine Learning Method for 3D Solar Photosphere Reconstruction

Dec 23, 2025

Matthias Rempel, et. al. introduce a novel, Physics-Informed Machine Learning method to infer the three-dimensional (3D) solar atmospheric structures from observations to advance the understanding of the magnetic fields and electric currents that drive solar activity.

More Highlights >>

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This material is based upon work supported by the NSF National Center for Atmospheric Research, a major facility sponsored by the U.S. National Science Foundation and managed by the University Corporation for Atmospheric Research. Any opinions, findings and conclusions or recommendations expressed in this material do not necessarily reflect the views of the U.S. National Science Foundation.