2025 Boulder Solar Day Abstracts

Key Note Presentation
Laurel	Rachmeler (NOAA)
Authors
Affil/Instit
Title
Abstract
Oral presentations
Tom	Berger (HAO/NSF NCAR)
Authors	Tom Berger, Joan Burkepile, Giuliana DeToma, Mike Galloy, Ben Berkey, Lisa Perez-Gonzalez, Mark Cotter, Don Kolinski, Alfred deWijn, Andrew Carlisle, Sarah Gibson, Mike Wiltberger, Holly Gilbert
Affil/Instit	NCAR/HAO
Title	Update on the Mauna Loa Solar Observatory: status and future plans
Abstract	We update the community on the status of the Mauna Loa Solar Observatory including the selection of a new director, the road repair operations, a new API for data access, reprocessing of the KCor and UCOMP datasets, web page updates, instrument status, and plans for the future including the installation of the ChroMag instrument, operational data service for space weather forecasting offices, and work with the COSMO team to define the next generation of coronagraph capabilities for solar physics research and space weather operations.
David	Boboltz (NSO)
Authors	David Boboltz (1), the DKIST Team (2)
Affil/Instit	NSO
Title	NSF Daniel K. Inouye Solar Telescope:  Recent Science Results and Operational Status
Abstract	The National Science Foundation Daniel K. Inouye Solar Telescope (DKIST) is the world's largest and most advanced solar telescope, opening new diagnostic windows into solar magnetism at unprecedented resolutions. Since the completion of construction at the end of 2021,  DKIST has been in its Operations Commissioning Phase (OCP) performing science observations for 4 years, both for PI-led and community programs.  Most of this data is now publicly available via the DKIST Data Center.   DKIST is now transitioning out of OCP and into regular operations.  In this talk we will provide a summary of recent science results and an update on DKIST's operational status.  We also provide a brief overview of the data acquired during OCP, how to browse and retrieve it, and recent efforts to highlight datasets of particular interest to the community.
Craig	DeForest (SwRI)
Authors	Craig DeForest, Sarah Gibson, Marcus Hughes, and the PUNCH Team
Affil/Instit	SwRI, HAO, CU, CIRES, NOAA
Title	Ejections and Wind Streams and Comets, Oh My!  (First Results and New Data from PUNCH)
Abstract	The Polarimeter to Unify the Corona and Heliosphere is an operating NASA Small Explorer that launched from VSFB on 11-March-2025, and has significant team involvement from many Boulder institutions.  All four spacecraft are healthy and in-position, and unparalleled wide-field images of the entire inner heliosphere are flowing through the pipeilne and available now in preliminary form as the SOC refines the data products. I'll remind folks about the structure of the mission, highlight some challenges overcome and strategies developed by the PUNCH SOC, and show some recent data highlights from PUNCH.  Highlights include very wide-field views of halo and lateral CMEs and other solar-wind features, and extended-duration tracked movies of comets, including C/2025R2 SWAN and 3I/Atlas, interacting with the solar wind.
Chris Gilly	Gilbert (SwRI)
Authors	Chris Gilly (1), Momchil Molnar (2)
Affil/Instit	Southwest Research Institute
Title	Making the Faint Corona Visible with Image Filters
Abstract	Extreme Ultraviolet (EUV) images of the Sun are among the most striking data in solar physics—but they often fail to show the corona as we truly know it: a vast, structured, and dynamic atmosphere that extends far beyond the solar limb and drives the solar wind and space weather. Standard visualizations compress this complexity into a bright disk surrounded by darkness, concealing the intricate web of loops, fans, and streamers that connect the low corona to the heliosphere. In this talk, I will introduce the Radial Histogram Equalizing Filter (RHEF)—a new image enhancement technique designed to make the faint corona visible without requiring extensive tuning or prior dataset characterization. RHEF combines the physical intuition of radial graded filtering with the perceptual power of histogram equalization to optimize contrast across the full dynamic range of EUV and coronagraphic data. It enhances both on-disk and off-limb features simultaneously, frame by frame, without the need for time series or background subtraction. By acting as a single-shot enhancement for high-dynamic-range solar imagery, RHEF provides an immediate, robust improvement to the visualization of coronal structure. I will demonstrate its performance across multiple instruments—including SDO/AIA, SOHO/LASCO, and PUNCH—compare it with established filtering methods, and discuss how it fits into the broader ecosystem of solar image processing. Implemented in both Python (sunkit-image) and IDL, RHEF offers a practical and consistent way to reveal the true complexity of the solar corona—transforming how we see and interpret the Sun.
Jordan	Guerra (CIRES/CU, SWPC/NOAA)
Authors	J. A. Guerra(1), C. Balch(1), A. Kelbert(2), E. J. Rigler(3)
Affil/Instit	(1)CU/CIRES, NOAA/SWPC, (2)Harvard & Smithsonian CfA, (3)USGS
Title	Moving towards Probabilistic Geoelectric Fields in Space Weather Operations
Abstract	The NOAA-USGS Geoelectric Model—a collaboration between the U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) Geomagnetism Program and the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) Space Weather Prediction Center (SWPC), with the support from Natural Resources Canada (NRCan)— has been operational since 2019 providing real-time monitoring of geoelectric fields over the continental U.S. during geomagnetic storms, supporting the day-to-day operations at SWPC, and providing relevant geoelectric information for end users. Since its inception the model has evolved to improve the estimates of geoelectric fields and fulfill the needs of users interested in space weather effects influencing electric systems. These include power grid operators, reliability coordinators, and emergency management. Current efforts in the geoelectric project are focused on three strategic areas: validation, accuracy improvement, and service optimization. In this presentation we discuss the design and  development of a probabilistic regional forecasting application, based on Kp-index dependent climatology of geoelectric fields, that provides hazard-relevant information to users with increased lead times.
Robert	Jarolim (HAO/NSF NCAR)
Authors	Robert Jarolim(1,2), Martin Sanner(3), Chia-Man Hung(4), Emma Stevenson(5), Hala Lamdouar(4), Josh Veitch-Michaelis(6), Ioanna Bouri(7), Anna Malanushenko(1), Elena Provornikova(8), Vit R?ži?ka(4), Carlos Urbina-Ortega(9)
Affil/Instit	(1) High Altitude Observatory, NCAR (2) University of Graz (3) University of Dundee (4) University of Oxford (5)  Universidad Politécnica de Madrid 6 ETH Zurich (7) University of Helsinki (8) Johns Hopkins University (9) ESA ESTEC
Title	Tomographic Reconstructions of Coronal Mass Ejections with Physics-Informed Neural Radiance Fields
Abstract	Coronagraphic observations enable direct monitoring of coronal mass ejections (CMEs) through scattered light from free electrons, but determining the 3D plasma distribution from 2D imaging data is challenging due to the optically thin plasma and the complex image formation processes. In this presentation, we introduce SuNeRF-CME — a new framework for 3D tomographic reconstructions of the heliosphere using multi-viewpoint coronagraphic observations. The method leverages Neural Radiance Fields (NeRFs) to estimate the electron density in the heliosphere through a ray-tracing approach, while accounting for the underlying Thomson scattering of image formation. The model is optimized by iteratively fitting the time-dependent observational data. In addition, we apply physical constraints in terms of continuity, propagation direction, and speed of the heliospheric plasma to overcome limitations imposed by the sparse number of viewpoints. Using synthetic CME simulations, we evaluate the framework’s performance across different viewing geometries. The results show that SuNeRF-CME can accurately recover CME parameters even from just two viewpoints — achieving a mean velocity error of about 3% and directional errors below 3–4 degrees. Moreover, it reconstructs the 3D CME structure, including the three-part morphology, the deformed front, and internal plasma variations. Additional viewpoints can be seamlessly integrated, directly enhancing the reconstruction of the plasma distribution in the heliosphere. This study underscores the value of physics-informed methods for reconstructing the heliospheric plasma distribution, paving the way for unraveling the dynamic 3D structure of CMEs and enabling advanced space weather monitoring.
Bri	Muhlestein (NOAA)
Authors	Bri Muhlestein
Affil/Instit	SWPC/NOAA
Title	From Magnetic Lines to Data-Driven Automation: Layers of Light in the Future Synoptic Map
Abstract	Developed at NOAA's Space Weather Prediction Center, this next-generation solar synoptic map blends multi-mission imagery, ephemeris data, and automated quality control into a living, real-time view of our star. Built by the SWPC forecast office, it empowers faster, more accurate space-weather forecasting and ushers in the next era of solar prediction.
Cole	Tamburri (LASP/CU; NSO)
Authors	Cole Tamburri (1,2,3), Adam Kowalski (1,2,3), Maria Kazachenko (1,2,3), Graham Kerr (4,5), Gianna Cauzzi (1), Ryan French (3), Jiong Qiu (6), Marcel Corchado-Albelo (1,2,3), Rahul Yadav (1,2), Yuta Notsu (1,2)
Affil/Instit	(1) National Solar Observatory; (2) University of Colorado Boulder; (3) Laboratory for Atmospheric and Space Physics; (4) Catholic University of America; (5) Goddard Space Flight Center; (6) Montana State University
Title	Investigating solar flare fine structure with high-resolution, high-cadence DKIST observations
Abstract	Solar flares are some of the most energetic astrophysical phenomena that are regularly studied in detail.  Flares result from magnetic reconnection in the Sun's corona and are characterized by energy release across the electromagnetic spectrum.   Observations of solar flares have improved greatly in the last few decades thanks to observations from SDO, IRIS, and BBSO/GST, among many others.  Simultaneously, 1D radiative-hydrodynamic codes such as RADYN and RH have reproduced many salient features of observed solar flare spectra and multi-dimensional codes have been used to effectively model reconnection and the atmospheric flare response.  However, significant discrepancies remain between flare models and observations, and it has become clear that sub-arcsecond fine-scale structures and processes are ubiquitous in flares and very relevant to flare modeling.  The 4-meter Daniel K. Inouye Solar Telescope (DKIST) is uniquely positioned to study flares at finer detail than ever before.  In this work we present the results of a flare observing campaign with the DKIST during August 2024, including the highest-resolution observations of an X-class flare and the first DKIST flare impulsive phase observations. We perform initial analysis of coronal loop fine structure (scales on the order of ~24 km), high-cadence observations of an evolving impulsive phase flare kernel (scales of ~100-200 km), and the exceptional diversity of calcium and hydrogen Balmer line spectral profiles during the flare impulsive phase. We describe first attempts to model these lines with the RADYN and RH codes and discuss the promising future of fine-structure flare science with the DKIST.
Rahul	Yadav (LASP/CU)
Authors	Rahul Yadav
Affil/Instit	LASP/CU Boulder
Title	Probing Flare-Driven Dynamics in the Lower Solar Atmosphere with DKIST
Abstract	Solar flares, driven by magnetic reconnection in the corona, release immense amounts of energy throughout the solar atmosphere. Observations show that flares influence multiple atmospheric layers almost simultaneously; however, their impact on the lower solar atmosphere remains poorly understood. To achieve a comprehensive understanding of flare dynamics, multi-line spectropolarimetric observations that probe different atmospheric heights are essential. In this presentation, I will discuss multi-line observations of a flaring active region obtained with the ViSP and VBI instruments at DKIST. High-resolution, high-cadence VBI images reveal two opposite-polarity pores exhibiting rotational motion both before and during the flare, while ViSP data capture small-scale, bright "blob-like" structures within the flare ribbons. I will explore potential mechanisms responsible for these small-scale features in the lower solar atmosphere.
Zihao	Yang (HAO/NSF NCAR)
Authors	Zihao Yang, Matthias Rempel, Sarah Gibson, Giuliana de Toma
Affil/Instit	HAO/NSF NCAR
Title	Measuring the Coronal Magnetic Field with 2D Coronal Seismology: A Forward-Modeling Validation
Abstract	In recent years, a two-dimensional (2D) coronal seismology technique applied to spectral-imaging data from the Coronal Multi-channel Polarimeter (CoMP) and UCoMP has been used to routinely measure the global distribution of the coronal magnetic field. The method utilizes the dispersion relation of coronal transverse waves: Doppler velocity data provides the propagation direction and phase speed of the waves, while the Fe XIII 1074.7 and 1079.8 nm intensity ratio can be used to diagnose the coronal density; a combination of these yield the coronal magnetic field. To validate the accuracy of this approach, we employ forward modeling and synthetic observations. We generate Doppler velocity and Fe XIII infrared intensity images from a MURaM simulation with an arcade magnetic configuration, apply a wave tracking method to infer the propagation directions and phase speeds from the synthetic Doppler data, and derive density from the Fe XIII line ratio. A comparison with the simulation ground truth shows close agreement, indicating that the technique can recover the line-of-sight emissivity-weighted magnetic field direction and strength with high accuracy. We also perform a parameter-space analysis to quantify practical parameter settings for robust diagnostics. These findings provide guidance for applying the method to CoMP/UCoMP-like observations and demonstrate that 2D coronal seismology can deliver reliable, LOS emissivity-weighted measurements of the coronal magnetic field from coronal wave observations.
Poster presentations
David	Afonso Delgado (HAO/NSF NCAR)
Authors	David Afonso Delgado
Affil/Instit	HAO/NSF NCAR
Title	Determining the Magnetic Field of Active Region Plages Using the Whole CLASP2/2.1 Spectral Window
Abstract	The CLASP2 and CLASP2.1 suborbital missions showed that the near-UV window between 279.30 and 280.68 nm is well suited for probing chromospheric magnetism. Spectropolarimetry of the Mg II h & k doublet together with Mn I 279.91/280.19 nm and Fe II 279.79/280.66 nm has already been used to infer magnetic field stratification. However, several lines within this window displaying significant circular polarization remained unexplored. Here we identify two Ni I lines (279.95, 280.59 nm), one Mn II line (280.62 nm), and one Fe I line (280.53 nm), and apply the weak-field approximation to CLASP2/2.1 observations of active-region plage. By cross-comparing the WFA inferences with previous Mg II/Mn I/Fe II results, we estimate the formation heights of these additional lines and discuss their magnetic diagnostic potential. We find that incorporating Ni I, Mn II, and Fe I provides upper-photospheric and low-chromospheric anchors that, combined with Mg II and Fe II, tighten constraints on the magnetic field gradient from the photosphere to the upper chromosphere. These results expand the diagnostic toolkit of the CLASP2/2.1 spectral region and strengthen the suitability of near-UV multi-line spectropolarimetry in future space missions.
William	Ashfield (SwRI)
Authors	William Ashfield (1), Amir Caspi , Daniel Seaton (1), Matt West (2), Carey Scott (3), Paul Bryans (4), Tony Casey (5), Robert Conn (3), Don Darrow (6), Craig DeForest (1), Edward DeLuca (7), Cooper Downs (8), and the NASA WB-57 2024 Eclipse team
Affil/Instit	(1) Southwest Research Institute (2) European Space Agency (3) NASA Langley Research Center (4) HAO (5) NASA Johnson Space Center (6) Southern Research (7) Harvard-CfA (8) Predictive Science Inc.
Title	Multi-spectral Images of the Infrared Corona taken from NASA's WB-57 Aircraft during the 2024 Total Solar Eclipse: A First Look
Abstract	Building on 2017 eclipse observations using NASA's WB-57F high-altitude jets for infrared coronal science, we conducted a second eclipse mission in 2024 with a new imaging system, the SCIFLI Airborne Multispectral Imager (SAMI), onboard a WB-57. SAMI offers high-cadence (up to 30 Hz), high-resolution (0.8-1.4″/pixel) photometrically calibrated imaging across nine spectral passbands, ranging from visible to infrared, including four in the rarely observed mid-wave IR (MWIR: 2–5 µm). By expanding our imaging capabilities into this discovery space, SAMI's multispectral infrared capabilities enable unprecedented characterization of plasma properties, temperature distributions, and dynamic phenomena such as coronal waves and transient events in the inner and middle corona. Here, we present the first detailed results of this exploration and highlight the capabilities of this infrared platform.
Kyle	Augustson (SwRI)
Authors	Kyle Augustson
Affil/Instit	SwRI
Title	Exploring the Effects of Density and Geometry on Inertial Modes
Abstract	Here, we explore the impact of a density stratification and the shape of the boundaries on the values of the eigenfrequencies and the structure of the eigenmodes of gravito-inertial waves of several types, including thermal Rossby waves and pure inertial modes.  We show that thermal Rossby waves gain a tilt in planes that are perpendicular to the rotation axis, and that pure inertial modes only change their structure with an adiabatic density stratification.
Joan	Burkepile (HAO/NSF NCAR)
Authors	J.T. Burkepile (1), M. D. Galloy (1), O.C. St. Cyr (2), I. Richardson, (3), W. Thompson (3), B. Berkey (1)
Affil/Instit	(1) NCAR High Altitude Observatory, (2) NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, retired , (3) NASA Goddard Space Flight Center
Title	Mauna Loa K-Cor CMEs Associated with Solar Energetic Particle (SEP) events
Abstract	During the K-Cor mission (2013 Sept 30 to present), 27 CMEs observed by K-Cor were associated with SEP events with =>25 MeV protons based on the SEP catalog from Ian Richardson (2024). We highlight the changes in the properties of these 27 CMEs from the lower corona seen in K-Cor with their properties in the outer corona seen in LASCO. We compare these properties with non-SEP CMEs seen in K-Cor. Most of these events were detected by the automated CME detection code operating at Mauna Loa. The code issues automated CME alerts to the community. We report on the early warning detection capabilities of these alerts for more rapid forecasting of SEP events.
Subhamoy	Chatterjee (SwRI)
Authors	Subhamoy Chatterjee(1), Andres Munoz-Jaramillo(1), Anna Malanushenko(2)
Affil/Instit	(1) SwRI, Boulder, CO, USA, (2) High Altitude Observatory, NCAR, Boulder, CO, USA.
Title	A novel generative search framework that uses a physical space to generate and retrieve solar magnetic active regions
Abstract	Deep generative models have shown immense potential in generating unseen data that has properties of real data. These models learn complex data-generating distributions starting from a smaller set of latent dimensions. However, generative models have encountered great skepticism in scientific domains due to the disconnection between generative latent vectors and scientifically relevant quantities. In this study, we integrate three types of machine learning models to generate high-quality solar magnetic active region patches in a physically interpretable manner and use those as a query to find matching patches in real observations. We find that the retrieved real data shares the same physical properties as the generated query. This elevates Generative AI from a means to produce artificial data to a novel tool for scientific data interrogation.
James	Crowley (CU)
Authors	James Crowley (1), Kevin Reardon (2)
Affil/Instit	National Solar Observatory (1, 2), CU Boulder (1)
Title	Using Machine Learning Methods to Explore and Constrain Multi-Height Observations of the Solar Atmosphere
Abstract	New-generation solar telescopes like DKIST are providing high-resolution multi-height observations of the solar atmosphere. With the unprecedented amount and quality of data being produced, it's especially important now to understand the mapping between spectropolarimetric observations and the solar atmosphere. By applying machine learning clustering techniques to both DKIST observations and synthesized observations from MHD simulations, we explore how spectropolarimetric observations can be leveraged to learn more about the solar atmosphere at multiple heights. These techniques could be powerful tools to accelerate inversion of solar spectra, assist in the synthesis of observations from MHD simulations, and constrain thermodynamic and magnetic properties of the Sun across different heights.
Alfred	de Wijn (HAO/NSF NCAR)
Authors	Alfred de Wijn(1) and the STRUVE Team(1,2,3)
Affil/Instit	(1) NSF NCAR (2) CU/LASP (3) LMSAL
Title	The Solar Transition Region UltraViolet Explorer
Abstract	The Solar Transition Region UltraViolet Explorer (STRUVE) CubeSat mission was recently selected by NASA in the H-FORT program. STRUVE is a slit-scanning, full-Stokes spectropolarimeter. The STRUVE instrument is packaged in a LASP 16U CubeSat bus. It has a 12 cm telescope that feeds the spectrograph and includes an image stabilization system based on the LASP SPS system that is a technological leap forward for CubeSat capabilities. STRUVE observes the Sun in the near-UV in the 259–281 nm wavelength band recently identified by Judge et al. (2021) as a particularly promising region for diagnostics of chromospheric magnetic field. The observed wavelength region contains the well-known Mg II h and k lines as well as a plethora of Fe I and II lines that together will allow diagnostics of the magnetized plasma in the volume of the solar atmosphere from the photosphere through the chromosphere, and up to the transition region at the base of the corona. This capability is unprecedented and highly relevant for an improved description of the magnetically connected solar atmosphere. The main objective of STRUVE is to advance our understanding of the energy build-up and storage in the solar atmosphere, and its eventual release through flares and coronal mass ejections.
Michael	Galloy (HAO-MLSO/NSF NCAR)
Authors	Michael Galloy(1), Joan Burkepile(1), Giuliana de Toma(1), Tom Seving(1), Don Kolinski(1)
Affil/Instit	(1) NSF NCAR/High Altitude Observatory
Title	Accessing MLSO data programmatically
Abstract	The data available from the Mauna Loa Solar Observatory (MLSO) website for our currently operational instruments, UCoMP and KCor, is now available from a web service API. We will add data from older instruments in the future to make our complete data archive available through the API. We provide Python, IDL, and command-line clients for immediate use, though JSON responses from the GET requests can also be used.
Holly	Gilbert (HAO/NSF NCAR)
Authors	Holly Gilbert on behalf of the CMEx team
Affil/Instit	NCAR/HAO; CU/LASP; BAE
Title	Chromospheric Magnetism Explorer (CMEx)
Abstract	CMEx is a NASA Heliophysics mission concept that uses ultraviolet spectropolarimetry to diagnose magnetism from the solar photosphere to the transition region, exploring how the magnetic field evolves from the β >> 1 photosphere to the β << 1 corona to form twisted non-potential flux ropes in the corona. Recent advances in the understanding of the polarization of UV chromospheric lines, which are not observable from the ground, have primed a space-based mission like CMEx for success. CMEx observes many near-UV spectral lines, including Mg II h and k lines as well as a series of Fe II lines, with full-Stokes polarimetry to provide quantitative diagnostics of plasma parameters, densely sampling multiple scale heights in the chromosphere. This enables studies of how the magnetic field in and around active regions gets reconfigured leading up to the eruption process, how flares lead to persistent changes in photospheric and chromospheric magnetic fields, and what the large-scale magnetic structure is of prominences in their stable phase, and how it changes in the transition from equilibrium to eruption.
Amr	Hamada (NSO)
Authors	Hamada, Amr (1), Creelman, Mitchell (1),  Jain, Kiran (1),  Lindsey, Charles (2)
Affil/Instit	(1) National Solar Observatory, (2) North West Research Associates
Title	FArSide Trained Active Region Recognition (FASTARR): A Machine Learning
Abstract	Helioseismic holography is a technique used to identify active regions in the Sun's far hemisphere by studying seismic disturbances in the Sun's visible hemisphere caused by acoustic waves in its interior that have reflected from its far hemisphere. Currently, identification of these active regions faces challenges due to limited signal-to-noise, resulting in reliable detection of only large and strong active regions. Based on well-developed machine learning networks, we present a convolutional far-side active region recognition algorithm that aims to enhance active region identification in far-side helioseismic maps. The algorithm is structured as a U-shaped convolutional neural network (U-Net) for accurate image segmentation and evaluation of the likelihood that a given helioseismic signature is indicative of a real active region. Our algorithm, known as FASTARR, is trained by pairing phase maps of the Sun's far hemisphere with concurrent far-side active region binary masks derived from phase maps and EUV observations of the far hemisphere. The helioseismic phase maps are computed using Dopplergrams observed by the National Solar Observatory/GONG. The active region masks are derived from two sources: EUV active region masks based on observations by the STEREO/EUVI, when it had a direct vantage covering the far hemisphere, and GONG active region masks derived from GONG helioseismic phase measurements. The model's validation demonstrates its efficacy for space weather forecasting during the ascending and maximum phases of solar cycle 24 (2010–2016). The results reveal that U-Net evaluation achieves greater sensitivity to active region presence in the Sun's far hemisphere compared to conventional methods.
Larisza	Krista (CU)
Authors	Larisza D. Krista
Affil/Instit	University of Colorado/CIRES, NOAA/NCEI
Title	An alternative approach to space weather forecasting
Abstract	Understanding and predicting solar eruptive events (e.g., CMEs and flares) is particularly important as they are major drivers of severe space weather. The first part of the work investigates coronal dimmings, often observed before and/or during CME eruptions. These regions are the low-corona segments of the CME structure (dominated by transient open magnetic field) that grow and decay as the magnetic field is dragged out into interplanetary space. To understand CME evolution as a whole, the evolution of dimmings is studied in conjunction with the CME morphology and its physical properties from the solar corona all the way to Earth. The methodology integrates the analysis of photospheric magnetic footpoint distributions within dimmings using the CoDiT tool (Krista, 2013 & 2017), active region loop structures via the PFSS model, CME morphology from STEREO-A/COR2 observations, and CME orientation through the GCS model. This integrated approach aims to leverage dimming observations to gain an early insight into CME evolution and to drive better forecasting. The second part of the investigation is focused on flare initiation, and the physical connection between EUV brightenings and flares. Studying flare-active and inactive periods using the DEFT tool (Krista, 2021, 2025a & 2025b), we found that in no-flare periods EUV signatures were only detected 4% of the time. In flare-active periods, EUV precursors were present 92% of the time within 6 hours before <=C class flares. 90% of the signatures were associated with flares <=B class, and over 50% of all signatures were associated with <=M class flares.   Using the DEFT tool on a combined flare/no-flare database produced the following skill scores: HSS (0.88), TSS(0.88), ACC (0.94), BACC (0.94), PRE (0.95), REC (0.93). These results demonstrate that EUV precursors have a significant potential in improving space weather forecasting.
Chris	Lowder (SwRI)
Authors	Chris Lowder (1), Chris Gilly (1), Craig DeForest (1), Roger Scott (2)
Affil/Instit	(1) Southwest Research Institute, (2) Montana State University
Title	Mapping Coronal Magnetic Field Topology and Solar Wind Acceleration
Abstract	In this work, we describe the use of a numerical model to compute, map, and analyze magnetic topology throughout the solar corona. We drive this model using photospheric observations of magnetic flux density gathered in the form of synoptic and synchronic maps, guiding the root placement of these bundles of magnetic flux as an initial boundary condition. These geometries are mapped over the course of solar cycles 24 and 25, and are used as inputs for solar wind modeling. These solar wind flows are then characterized and inter-compared over the course of the solar cycle, honing in on the impact of open field geometry on solar wind acceleration.
James	Mothersbaugh III (CIRES/CU NCEI/NOAA )
Authors	James Mothersbaugh III(1,2), Elysia Lucas(1,2), Janet Machol(1,2), Ann Marie Mahon(1,2), Erika Zetterlund
Affil/Instit	[1] University of Colorado CIRES, Boulder, CO, USA [2] NOAA National Centers for Environmental Information, Boulder, CO, USA
Title	50 Years of GOES XRS Science-Quality Data
Abstract	The X-Ray Sensor (XRS) instrument has flown on every Geostationary Operational Environmental Satellite (GOES) mission since GOES-1 launched in 1975. XRS measures solar irradiance in the X-ray region in 2 bandpasses, at 0.05-0.4 nm (short channel) and 0.1-0.8 nm (long channel). The GOES XRS data is used by the NOAA Space Weather Prediction Center (SWPC) to forecast the effects of space weather phenomena on Earth, and is also used by solar scientists to understand the statistics and dynamics of solar flares. This poster discusses GOES 1-19 XRS science-quality data . The GOES 8-15 science-quality data is reprocessed and available. We present plans for completion of the GOES 1-7 XRS science-quality data, and a composite flare report product covering all GOES satellites. Mapping the topology of the solar corona provides a number of space weather applications - tracing along magnetic fieldlines back from within the heliosphere, understanding solar wind acceleration, and mapping and inferring structures visible in coronagraph observations.
Kinfe	Teweldebirhan (SwRI)
Authors	Kinfe Teweldebirhan(1), Ritu Curt(2), Nick Featherstone(2)
Affil/Instit	(1)SwRI, (2)Stanford University
Title	The Role of Near-Surface Convection in Sustaining Solar Latitudinal Uniform Photospheric Emissivity
Abstract	We investigate how rotating convection responds to a latitudinally varying heat flux imposed at its base, motivated by the dynamics of the solar near-surface shear layer. Using the Rayleigh convection code, spherical 3D, nonlinear simulations spanning a range of convective Rossby numbers. As we increase thermal forcing, we explore the transition from rotation-dominated (low-Rossby) to buoyancy-dominated (high-Rossby) regimes. In low-Rossby systems, imposed flux variations at depth are efficiently transmitted to the surface, maintaining the thermal-wind balance. Above a critical Rossby number, however, rapid, buoyancy-dominated convection laterally mixes heat, erasing the imposed flux pattern and weakening the thermal-wind balance and differential rotation. These results suggest that near-surface convection can homogenize deep-seated flux, which explains the Sun's nearly uniform photospheric emissivity and the reduced rotational shear in its outermost layers.