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Penetrating electric field with/without disturbed electric fields During the 7-8 July 2022 geomagnetic storm simulated by MAGE and observed by ICON MIGHTI

MAGE simulation and ICON observation of zonal thermospheric winds and ion drifts

Evaluating F10.7 and F30 radio fluxes as long-term solar proxies of energy deposition in the thermosphere

Averaged mass density

The Formation Mechanism of Merged EIA During a Storm on 4 November 2021

EIA formation and evolution

Impact of Upward Propagating Migrating Diurnal and Semidiurnal Tides on the Ionosphere-Thermosphere Seasonal Variation

the impact of the diurnal and semidiurnal tides

Interactions between MSTIDs and Ionospheric Irregularities in the Equatorial Region Observed on May 13-14, 2013

Airglow images from the all-sky imager

HIWIND Balloon and Antarctica Jang Bogo FPI High Latitude Conjugate Thermospheric Wind Observations and Simulations

Thermospheric wind observations from HIWIND

MAGE Model Simulation of the Pre-reversal Enhancement and Comparison with ICON and Jicamarca ISR Observations

pre-reversal enhancement during geomagnetic quiet time period

Climate Change in the Thermosphere and Ionosphere From the Early Twentieth Century to Early Twenty‐First Century Simulated by the Whole Atmosphere Community Climate Model—eXtended

McInerney WACCMX climate observations

Investigation of the physical mechanism of the formation and evolution of equatorial plasma bubbles during a moderate storm on September 17, 2021

GOLD Namx left and right panels

Investigation of the GOLD Observed Merged Nighttime EIA with WACCM-X Simulations during the Storm of November 3–4, 2021

Nmax observed by GOLD and NmF2 simulated by WACCM-X

Pagination

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This material is based upon work supported by the NSF National Center for Atmospheric Research, a major facility sponsored by the U.S. National Science Foundation and managed by the University Corporation for Atmospheric Research. Any opinions, findings and conclusions or recommendations expressed in this material do not necessarily reflect the views of the U.S. National Science Foundation.